Cctv newsAccording to @ Emergency Management Department, recently, the Emergency Management Department, together with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the National Health and Wellness Commission, the General Administration of Financial Supervision, the National Bureau of Statistics, the China Meteorological Bureau, the State Grain and Reserve Bureau, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, the Red Cross Society of China, China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd. and other departments and units, discussed and analyzed the national natural disasters in August 2023. In August, natural disasters in China were mainly floods, droughts, typhoons and geological disasters, and wind and hail, earthquakes and forest fires also occurred to varying degrees. In August, various natural disasters caused a total of 8.887 million people to be affected to varying degrees, 168 people died and disappeared due to disasters, and 547,000 people were resettled. 11,000 houses collapsed, with 29,000 seriously damaged and 82,000 generally damaged; The affected area of crops is 2307.3 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 34.19 billion yuan.

The main features of natural disasters in August are as follows：

First, the Songliao Basin suffered from severe flood disasters, and local flash floods and geological disasters occurred frequently in the northwest and southwest.

Following the extremely heavy rainfall in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei at the end of July and the beginning of August, there were five heavy rainfall processes in August, with a cumulative area rainfall of 108 mm, which was 6% more than the same period of the previous year, and the southwest, south-central northwest, northeast and other places were 50% to 1 times more. A serious flood disaster occurred in Songliao basin in Northeast China, and the first flood in 2023 occurred in Songhua River. At the beginning of August, affected by the superposition of typhoon residual cloud system northward and westerly trough, heavy rainfall occurred in many places in Northeast China, some farmland in Heilongjiang and Jilin were flooded, and infrastructure such as road traffic and communication power were damaged, resulting in direct economic losses of 17.09 billion yuan; There are scattered heavy rainfall in northwest and southwest, and mountain torrents and geological disasters in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Hubei are scattered at many points. In general, floods and geological disasters have caused 4.316 million people to be affected to varying degrees, 160 people died and disappeared, 11,000 houses collapsed, and the direct economic loss was 23.23 billion yuan.

Second, the drought in North China, Northeast China and other places has been lifted, and the drought in some parts of northwest China is relatively prominent

Since the end of July, continuous heavy rainfall has occurred in North China and Northeast China, and the previous drought has been lifted, and droughts and floods have turned sharply in some areas. At present, the soil moisture in most parts of the country is generally suitable, and the soil moisture in some areas such as the eastern northwest and western North China is moderately deficient. Affected by the continuous high temperature and lack of rain, precipitation in western Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, most of Gansu, eastern Qinghai and other places in the northwest region and the inflow of rivers in the region are less, and the reservoir water storage is insufficient. In some areas, there are temporary difficulties in drinking water for people and livestock and agricultural irrigation, and the production of agriculture and animal husbandry is affected to some extent. At the peak of the drought, a total of 2.68 million people were affected to varying degrees, and the affected area of crops was 12.795 thousand hectares. In addition, droughts occurred in Hubei and Hunan, and some crops were affected.

Three, there are five typhoons in the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, and Typhoon Kanu has a great impact on the Northeast.

In August, there were five typhoons in the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, namely, No.7 typhoon Lanen, No.9 typhoon Sura, No.10 typhoon Davy, No.11 typhoon Anemone and No.12 typhoon Hongyan. This year’s No.6 typhoon "Kanu" was generated in the east of the Philippines on July 28th, and landed on the coast of zhuanghe city, Liaoning Province on August 11th with tropical depression. Heavy rainfall occurred again in many places in Northeast China, and many rivers in Songliao Basin exceeded the warning water level, and farmland waterlogged occurred in some areas. A total of 88,000 people in Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces were affected to varying degrees, and the affected area of crops was 215,000 hectares, resulting in a direct economic loss of 920 million yuan.

4. Parts of North China, East China, Northwest China and Southwest China suffered from strong convective weather and local crops were affected.

In August, there were four severe convective weather processes in China, mainly concentrated in North China, East China, Northwest China and Southwest China, with relatively heavy agricultural losses in Inner Mongolia, Yunnan and Shaanxi. Among them, in early August, local strong convective weather occurred in Wulanchabu and Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, and some crops and facilities were damaged; In mid-August, Qujing, Kunming and other places in Yunnan suffered from hail and windy weather; In late August, short-term heavy rainfall and hail weather occurred in Tongchuan and Weinan, Shaanxi Province, and some fruit and vegetable crops were affected. In addition, on August 13th, a tornado hit Dafeng District, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, killing two people. Overall, the wind and hail disaster caused 690,000 people to be affected to varying degrees, 8 people died, the affected area of crops was 912,000 hectares, and the direct economic loss was 1.12 billion yuan.

5. An earthquake of magnitude 5.5 occurred in Dezhou, Shandong Province, and many forest fires occurred in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.

In August, there were 11 earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above in mainland China. Among them, the earthquake with the highest magnitude of 5.5 in Pingyuan County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province on August 6 was the strongest earthquake in Shandong Province in recent years, which caused more than 2,900 houses in Dezhou and Liaocheng to be damaged to varying degrees and caused direct economic losses of 230 million yuan. The remaining earthquakes of magnitude 4 or so did not cause obvious disaster losses. In addition, according to preliminary statistics, there were 36 forest fires in August, including 21 in Inner Mongolia and 14 in Heilongjiang, all of which were caused by lightning strikes. There was no grassland fire.

　　CCTV News:Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the anti-corruption efforts of the central government have been continuously strengthened, insisting on "tigers" and "flies" fighting together. So far, the number of provincial and ministerial officials investigated has already exceeded 100, and anti-corruption is constantly breaking the "forbidden zone" and "convention". The reasons for the dismissal of these officials are different, but a small number of them, in order to protect their vested interests in the face of the investigation, did not choose to "confess leniency", but adopted a series of tricks to deal with the investigation in an attempt to muddle through.

　　Mobile phones become "dangerous goods" that must be destroyed.

　　Cai Weisheng was tried.

　　In May 2015, Cai Weisheng, former deputy director of Zhuhai Municipal Bureau of Gardens and Forestry, Guangdong Province, held a public hearing on the case of suspected bribery in Zhuhai Intermediate People’s Court. During the trial, Cai Weisheng revealed that he had deleted the number of the briber the day before being investigated by the Commission for Discipline Inspection. "I feel that they will definitely get me into trouble."

　　Yan Haiyan, former deputy governor of Gansu Province (video screenshot)

　　Recently, the TV feature film "Patrol Sword" has been widely broadcast. The film revealed that Yu Haiyan, the former vice governor of Gansu Province, cut up all the photos of his family and related bosses and rushed them into the toilet before the arrival of the Central Inspection Team. He soaked the mobile phones in vinegar and threw them into the Yellow River.

　　Coincidentally, this behavior is quite similar to that of a previous fallen horse official. Earlier, when Li Chuncheng, former deputy secretary of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee, was taken away by CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, his first reaction was to eliminate the evidence of violation of discipline and law. Discipline inspectors said that after Li Chuncheng was controlled, "he asked to go to the toilet and tried to pull out a mobile phone card and throw it away".

　　Establishing an offensive and defensive alliance "don’t say anything if you kill yourself"

　　Corrupt officials who fall behind are often not "fighting alone." In the past, the relationship between power and interests often affected the whole body, and it was more common for stakeholders to form an offensive and defensive alliance. Since September, 2014, the expression of "opposing organization investigation" in the official disciplinary notice has gradually increased in frequency.

　　Dong Hongyun, former Party Secretary of Xinzhou, Shanxi Province

　　In August 2015, the website of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection published a notice that five Shanxi officials were "double-opened". Among them, Dong Hongyun, the former secretary of Xinzhou Municipal Committee, mentioned in the bulletin that Dong Hongyun "took deception, concealment, forming an offensive and defensive alliance and other means to confront the organizational investigation during the organizational review, which was of a bad nature".

　　In China Discipline Inspection and Supervision, it was reported that in May 2015, the Changsha Municipal Commission for Discipline Inspection conducted a preliminary nuclear investigation on Xiong Ciming, then Party Secretary and Chairman of Changsha Disabled Persons’ Federation. During this period, Xiong Ciming asked everyone to talk about the problem of being reported anonymously at the party group meeting, middle-level cadre meeting and all staff meetings of the Municipal Disabled Persons’ Federation, and repeatedly publicly declared that he would retaliate against the whistleblower: "Be careful, how dare you sue me?" Don’t think I don’t know who it is. "

　　In private, Xiong Ciming took the initiative to form an offensive and defensive alliance with bribers, colluding with confessions and forging evidence in an attempt to get away with it. In the second half of 2015, Xiong Ciming twice found Dai, who had had unfair economic exchanges with him, and told him: "The Commission for Discipline Inspection talked to me. If they look for you, keep your mouth shut and don’t let people know about our relationship." In March, 2016, he called Wu Mou to his office for fear of being exposed about his improper relationship with Wu Mou, and asked her not to admit to anyone that they were not proper relationship.

　　Although Xiong Ciming has the "determination" to fight the organization to the end, he refuses to cooperate and repeatedly "emphasizes" that he has no problems. However, paper can’t contain fire, and he finally bowed his head in the face of hard facts and evidence.

　　Playing the fool "I’m sick"

Long Zhihua

　　In corruption cases, many officials who have fallen off the horse have rich professional knowledge, strong psychological quality and strong anti-investigation ability. Facing the case handlers, they try to evade legal responsibility by various means. Some officials simply pretend to be sick and stupid, and they don’t know. For example, when Changlong Zhihua, the former Disaster Relief Division of the Civil Affairs Department of Guangxi Autonomous Region, was detained for accepting bribes, in order to escape the problem, he not only pretended to be crazy, stupid, sick and dead, but even deliberately peed his pants, trying to escape legal sanctions by this trick.

Liu Fucai, former Party Secretary of Guangdong SASAC

　　Similarly, Liu Fucai, the former director of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of Guangdong Province, went abroad without reporting to the organization on April 25, 2014. When the organization asked him to return to China for investigation, he made an excuse to say that he was "in poor health and could not take a long-distance plane" and refused to return to China. Thinking that after retirement, you don’t have to report to the organization to go abroad without authorization, and then refusing to cooperate with the organization’s investigation has repeatedly proved Liu Fucai’s lack of awareness of party discipline and rules. In 2015, Liu Fucai was expelled from the party, his retirement benefits were cancelled, and his disciplinary income was collected.

　　The first time to transfer stolen money "can’t find money, what can you do?"

Ma Chaoqun (data map)

　　For corrupt and bribery officials, the large amount of ill-gotten gains accumulated over the years is living evidence. In the past, it was never enough, but now it has become a hot potato. Therefore, as soon as I heard the trouble, I immediately thought of transferring the stolen money. After Ma Chaoqun, the representative of petty officials and great greed, the former general manager of Beidaihe Water Supply Corporation in Qinhuangdao City, was arrested, his mother moved away many boxes of cash overnight; Li Jiangong, the former director of the Shanxi Provincial Department of Land and Resources, instructed his wife to use the dead of night to avoid monitoring and secretly drive the money out during the conversation with him by the Commission for Discipline Inspection.

　　There are still many tricks of corrupt officials, and snakes run around in different ways. The officials who fell off the horse used the plan to shirk their responsibilities, which was nothing more than a final struggle. Corruption is an illegal crime. Admitting corruption is bound to be punished by law, and officials who have fallen off the horse must be well aware of it. However, officials who have fallen off the horse are often unwilling to surrender. In order to escape legal punishment, they will make a final struggle. 　 　 　 　

　　If you don’t stretch your hand, you will be caught. If I had known today, why should I have?

　　Under the new historical conditions, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put forward the requirements of "three strictness and three realities" for leading cadres at all levels, that is, "be strict with self-cultivation, use of power and self-discipline, be realistic in seeking things, be realistic in starting a business and be realistic in being a man". If every official can follow the "three strictness and three realities", how can he have such great courage to struggle hard, even after falling off the horse, he still doesn’t know it? (Text/Jassamyn Liu)

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On March 8th, Women’s Day, I would like to take this opportunity to talk to you about Xia Peisu, the mother of computers in China. China’s first chip was named after her. Without her, China’s computer industry might be stagnant for 50 years.

The following is the text draft ▼

On July 28th, 1923, a baby girl was born in Chongqing. His father’s name is Xia Hongni. He used to run a school and run an industry in Jiangjin County, and his mother Huang Xiaoyong is the principal of Jiangjin Girls’ Primary School. Perhaps they want to train this child to be a serious scholar. They named this child Xia Peisu.

At this time of social unrest in China, during this period, many scholars are thinking of changing the status quo through change. No one can think that this baby girl will play an important role in the modernization of science and technology in China in the future. And won the title of the mother of computers in China.

Hello, everyone, I’m a bad reviewer. In today’s video, let’s talk about Xia Peisu and China’s computer industry, which was conceived by her.

The Historical Necessity of Computer Development

Why should we develop computers?

In 1946, a China mathematician with only junior high school education traveled across the ocean and came to the United States, the world science and technology center at that time. Although his education was not high, he was a visiting scholar at Princeton University in the United States. Even later.

He was also appointed as a researcher by the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. At that time, his colleagues included Einstein and von Neumann, who is now called the father of modern computers.

And his name is Hua Luogeng. This year happened to be the year when the world’s first electronic computer, ENIAC, was successfully developed. Von Neumann is one of the scientists who participated in the production of this computer. Thanks to his relationship with Von Neumann, he was fortunate to visit this most advanced electronic computer in the world at that time.

At that time, he was impressed by the advanced degree and calculation speed of this computer. As a mathematician, he deeply knew the importance of calculation speed to a country’s scientific and technological development. The idea of making our country’s own computer from now on

It took root in his mind.

Develop computers

On October 1st, 1949, New China was founded, and the domestic environment gradually stabilized. At this time, China urgently needs those talents who have studied abroad to return to build the country.

However, the newly-established New China is far behind foreign countries in terms of both economic conditions and scientific research conditions, so it is better to choose an excellent living and research environment or to devote ourselves to the journey of building the motherland without hesitation. This has always been a dilemma for overseas students.

Except Hua Luogeng.

He thinks that China has entered a new stage, and he wants to make contributions to China’s science and technology catching up with the world level. At the same time, he knows this matter well, and it needs talents from all disciplines to work together. So, when he returned to Hongkong, Hua Luogeng wrote an open letter to all students studying in China.

In the letter, he wrote: "Friends! We have been deeply restricted by immigration laws and discriminated against by skin color, which has not set a circle for us. Of course, some so-called "outstanding" individuals have jumped out of this circle and received special "grace" and "permission" and "naturalization", but if we think about it, our compatriots are being bullied and discriminated against, and if they are "appreciated" by individuals, they will be complacent. What kind of heart is this!

Friends! Liangyuan is good, but it’s not a hometown where you have lived for a long time.’ Come back and forth! "

Then in March 1950, Xinhua News Agency broadcast this open letter to the whole world. Many other overseas students are eager to serve the country, and Xia Peisu is one of them.

After Hua Luogeng returned to China, the idea of building a computer, which once only stayed in his mind, can be put into action. However, computer is a complex interdisciplinary subject, and it is impossible to do it only by knowing mathematics. He urgently needs talents who know something about electrical machinery and physics.

So Hua Luogeng found Min Naida, who was in Tsinghua University Telecom Network Research Office at that time, and Min Naida recommended two candidates to Hua Luogeng, Xia Peisu and Wang Chuanying, who had just returned from overseas.

From then on, these three people formed the first computer research group in China and started the development of the first computer in China. However, Min Naida later left because he needed to continue his mathematics works, while Wang Chuanying was assigned to the Soviet learning accelerator because he needed talents badly to develop the atomic bomb.

Of the three people in the initial group, only Xia Peisu was left.

Xia peisu’s life

Early school experience

Xia Peisu was born in 1923 when the society was in turmoil. After the Anti-Japanese War and the Civil War, she graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering of Central University in 1945.

According to her, the reason why I chose this major was simply that I was "interested in inductance".

In the next two years, Xia Peisu completed his postgraduate studies at the Institute of Telecommunications of Jiaotong University. In 1947, he studied in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, England, completed his doctorate in 1950, and returned to China the following year.

Later, at the invitation of Hua Luogeng, he began to study computers.

According to Xia Peisu, "The sofa, coffee table and table in Mr. Hua’s living room are all open books and periodicals. I think Mr. Hua is a scholar. Later, we sat down and talked. He asked about our education and experience. Willing to engage in computers; Of course I’d love to. Because I already knew something about computers when I was in England, knowing is a very promising subject. So if our country wants to do it, I am particularly willing to do it. So at that time, I expressed my willingness to go to Mr. Hua to develop electronic computers, and that’s how the work began. "

Take the lead in starting the computer business in China.

However, the task is coming, but how to start it has become a difficult problem. At that time, New China had just been established. Due to the severe blockade of China by western countries, not only scientific research funds were scarce, but also scientific research materials on computers were basically absent. Xia Peisu and others can only study while collecting domestic and foreign materials. They read a lot of foreign English periodicals and contact overseas students and ask them to collect some latest information about calculation.

When the materials were collected, Xia Peisu sorted and absorbed them and compiled them into handouts. There was even a training class with handouts to train computer talents, but they didn’t even have decent scientific research equipment except for the scarcity of information. During the Institute of Mathematics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xia Peisu and others had to collect experimental equipment everywhere in order to build a laboratory.

Xia Peisu once wrote in his memory: "At that time, everything in the experiment had to start from scratch. Wang Chuanying often went to the city with a small bag to buy radio components, electricity meters, wires and tools. Sometimes I even go to the thrift store to look for something useful. "

However, it is under such difficult conditions that the computer team has completed the design of arithmetic unit, controller and memory, laying the foundation for making general-purpose computers.

107 Computers and Their Contributions

However, although the domestic computer development work has started at this time, because the foundation is really weak, more technical support still comes from the Soviet Union.

In 1959, the computer team copied the prototype No.103 and No.104 by studying the M-3 and BESM-|| computers of the Soviet Union. But just as they were preparing to start developing applications for calculation, the relationship between China and the Soviet Union suddenly deteriorated rapidly, and the Soviet Union withdrew all the expert groups, instruments, equipment and materials in China. At this time, the international community generally believes that without the support of the Soviet Union, China’s computer industry will stop.

However, the computer industry in China has not stopped.

Things didn’t go as expected in western countries. Without the support of the Soviet Union, Xia Peisu and others decided to simply abandon the Soviet design and design our own computer in Chinese. Not long after, just two years later, the first general-purpose computer in China, which was designed by Xia Peisu himself and named 107, was successfully installed in the National Science and Technology University in Beijing.

This 107-tube digital computer occupies 6 cabinets, and uses a total of 1280 tubes, with a word length of 32 bits, a magnetic core storage capacity of 1024 bytes, a machine frequency of 625KHz, an average of 250 operations per second and a power consumption of 6000 watts. This machine can run about 100 programs, including checking programs, error diagnosis programs, and various applications.

At the beginning, all the bosses hand-coded the machine code and wrote these programs, which is the number 0101. It was not until later that I switched to assembler, and this 107 computer became the teaching ancestor of China computer industry.

At that time, the National University of Science and Technology compiled a lecture on computer principles and programming based on the 107 computer, which was used as a teaching material for computer specialty, mechanics department, automation department and geophysics. Until he retired in 107, there were 240 students majoring in computer science and 360 students from foreign departments who wrote their own programs to calculate problems on 107.

Besides teaching tasks, the 107 computer has also accepted some other units’ calculation tasks, such as tidal forecasting calculation, atomic reactor ray energy distribution calculation and so on. Even the first Ministry of Machinery Industry followed the drawing of 107. Another one was copied, which was specially used for ballistic calculation, which played an important role in the experiment of studying missiles and hydrogen bombs.

It can be said that the security of China today is inseparable from the contribution of Xia Peisu and the 107 computer she designed!

Inheritance of spirit

In addition to the development of computers, another thing that Xia Peisu is concerned about is teaching and educating people.

Since the 1960s, Xia Peisu began to train graduate students, and she has trained more than 60 graduate students. Among them, two won the National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation Award, and three won the China Youth Science and Technology Award. Xia Peisu believes that training graduate students is mainly to train talents for the country, not to help tutors complete scientific research tasks.

She firmly believes that it is absolutely impossible to develop the computer industry without new forces, and it is her duty to train talents for the computer industry. Han Chengde, the first master student trained by Xia Peisu in the 1960s, participated in the development of China’s first satellite ground measurement and control computer 717 at the end of the 1960s.

The 717 computer system is the first large-scale real-time engineering system developed by China. Li Guojie, a master student trained by Xia Peisu in 1970s, went abroad to study on Xia Peisu’s recommendation. After returning to China, he led a young team and used limited manpower and funds to successfully develop Shuguang series high-performance computers. Its performance and price are much better than those of the same type imported from China, breaking foreign monopoly and changing the embargo standards of foreign countries on high-performance computers in China. And Xia Peisu always thought

The research work must be very advanced. In the early 1990s, she clearly realized that the development and application of high-performance computers related to the overall strength of the country. While promoting related work, she suggested that the country should vigorously develop the design and manufacture of VLSI, otherwise it would be subject to people forever. And this very large scale integrated circuit

Let’s simply understand CPU now.

The last project of her scientific research work is Godson-1, which is the first chip with completely independent intellectual property rights in the real sense.

The person who led the team to lead this Loongson project was Xia Peisu’s student and now the father of Loongson-Hu Weiwu.

And this Loongson No.1 has another nickname, called Xia 50.

And was designed and printed on the metal layer of Godson I:

This name is to commemorate Xia Peisu’s 50 years of hard work in the computer industry. Since then, Xia Peisu has faded out of the scientific research field and enjoyed his life.

ending

On August 7, 2014, the 91-year-old Xia Lao died in Beijing due to illness and treatment. In the same year, in order to commemorate Xia Peisu’s outstanding contribution to China’s computer development, the China Computer Society specially set up the Xia Peisu Award, which was used to award female scientists and technicians who made outstanding contributions to promoting the computer industry in China. So far, nine outstanding women have won this honor.

In June 2021, Hu Weiwu, a student of Xia Peisu, recalled his teacher in an interview, "My teacher has a great influence on me in many places. For example, when she talked about scientific spirit, I gave my paper to my teacher, and my teacher corrected it for me for 8 months, making a total of 26 drafts. You can’t imagine how strict she is. She really teaches me to learn, but more importantly, she has feelings for the country. "

From this passage, we may get a glimpse of why students in Xia Lao always want to stick to the road of independent innovation.

It is with these rigorous patriotic scientists that China can continuously achieve one new breakthrough after another on the road of science and technology.

Director: Yang Zi Video Production: bilibili Bad Review Jun

Editor: Huan Yan (video) & Xuan Xuan (tweet)

References:

Xia Peisu and the establishment and development of computer science in China, on Xia Peisu’s contribution to computer science in China, No.6, Volume 34, Shanxi Science and Technology in 2019, a brief history of computer development in China, Science and Technology Herald, 2016,34 (14),

Xia Peisu, the mother of China computer,

Academician Xia Peisu, one of the founders of China computer,

Computer education in December 2003,

The computer pioneer who built modern China、BBC Future、

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Original title: The first computer developed by New China was designed by her. 》

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