Yesterday, the Ministry of Education and other nine departments jointly issued "Measures to Reduce the Burden of Primary and Secondary School Students", with a total of 30 articles. This "burden reduction order" clearly stated for the first time that students should not bring their mobile phones into the classroom, and there are clear "scales" for the total amount of written homework, students’ sleep time and the number of exams. For example, primary school students do not leave written homework in grades one and two, homework in grades three to six does not exceed one hour, and primary school students sleep for at least 10 hours every day.

　　Put an end to "non-zero starting point" teaching

　　Strictly control the number of exams

　　The "30-article burden reduction" clearly requires that primary and secondary schools should strictly implement the national curriculum plan and curriculum standards, start all the prescribed courses, and must not arbitrarily increase the teaching difficulty and speed up the teaching progress, and put an end to the "non-zero starting point" teaching. In the compulsory education stage, it is strictly forbidden for schools to set up key classes, fast and slow classes and experimental classes in any name, standardize the implementation of random and balanced classes for students, and allocate teachers in a reasonable and balanced way.

　　Schools should resolutely control the number of examinations. The school can organize a unified examination every semester in the first and second grades of primary school, and no more than two unified examinations every semester in other grades. It is not allowed to organize a unified examination that is selective or linked to further studies in primary schools. The examination content is determined strictly according to the curriculum standards and basic teaching requirements, and there are no eccentric questions. Grade evaluation of test scores is implemented, and it is strictly forbidden to publish students’ test scores and rankings in any form or manner.

　　All localities should further promote the full coverage of compulsory education schools to enroll in the nearest school without examination, and it is strictly forbidden to organize examinations and select students in various names, and it is strictly forbidden to use the training results of training institutions as the basis for enrollment.

　　No written homework in grades one and two.

　　Parents are not allowed to evaluate and correct homework on their behalf.

　　In the past, the workload requirements were also specified, such as "no more than half an hour", but some schools implemented this requirement as "single subject", that is, the workload of each subject did not exceed half an hour, so that the total workload of all subjects far exceeded the regulations.

　　The "30 articles of burden reduction" clearly controls the "total amount of written work". There is no written homework in grade one or two in primary school, no more than 60 minutes in grade three to grade six, no more than 90 minutes in junior high school, and the homework time in senior high school should be arranged reasonably. The difficulty level of homework should not exceed the requirements of the curriculum standard, teachers should not assign repetitive and punitive homework, and parents should not assign homework or ask parents to evaluate and correct homework on their behalf.

　　According to the new regulations, off-campus training institutions are strictly forbidden to train beyond the class, and it is strictly forbidden to link the training results with the enrollment of primary and secondary schools, and it is strictly forbidden to organize and hold subject-level examinations, competitions and rankings for primary and secondary school students.

　　Schools around the country can establish a flexible school leaving system, provide students with a variety of after-school services, arrange students to participate in various interest groups or music, sports and art activities, and it is strictly forbidden to turn after-school services into collective teaching or collective remedial classes.

　　Put an end to the problem of off-topic in the college entrance examination

　　Teaching and enrollment will be linked to "burden reduction". The new regulations require that all localities fully implement the enrollment mode of high school based on the scores of junior high school level examinations and comprehensive quality evaluation, rationally allocate high-quality high school enrollment places to ordinary junior high schools and improve the implementation rules. The enrollment of private primary and secondary schools is incorporated into the unified management of school approval, and enrollment is synchronized with public primary and secondary schools.

　　The grading examination of academic level and the proposition of college entrance examination in ordinary high schools should be based on the curriculum standards of ordinary high schools and the requirements of talent selection in colleges and universities. All localities should innovate the form of test questions, increase comprehensive, open, applied and exploratory test questions, strengthen situational design, and put an end to eccentric questions.

　　High school students sleep more than 8 hours a day.

　　The "burden reduction order" also has clear requirements for students’ sleep time. Families should ensure that primary school students sleep no less than 10 hours a day, junior high school students not less than 9 hours, and senior high school students not less than 8 hours.

　　Liu Xiuying, director of the Family Education Research Institute of China Youth Research Center, said that sleep is the most comprehensive and effective rest, and adequate sleep can improve children’s brain power.

　　For the first time, it is clear that mobile phones are forbidden in class

　　The "burden reduction order" proposes that students should be standardized in using electronic products, and it is forbidden for students to bring mobile phones into the classroom. This is the first time that relevant policies have made it clear that "mobile phones are not allowed in the classroom".

　　Nine ministries and commissions also advise families to fulfill their educational guardianship responsibilities, guide children to use electronic products reasonably, go to healthy websites, not indulge in online games, and do not use mobile phones to screen. Don’t let children watch TV for a long time, ensure that primary school students sleep every day, work and rest on time, don’t stay up late, eat less snacks, don’t be picky about food, and don’t compare with others.

　　Our reporter Ren Min.

　　BEIJING, April 3 (Xinhua)-According to the website of the Ministry of Education, according to the evaluation results of the Seventh National Appraisal Committee for the Establishment of Colleges and Universities, it was decided by the party group meeting of the Ministry of Education that six independent colleges, including Nanguang College of Communication University of China, should be converted into independent private ordinary undergraduate schools, which should be managed by their provinces and districts.

　　Screenshot of Ministry of Education website

　　The six independent colleges were transferred as follows: Hongde College of Inner Mongolia Normal University was transferred to Hongde College of Science in Inner Mongolia, anhui university of finance Business School was transferred to Bengbu Business School, Nanguang College of Communication University of China was transferred to Nanjing Media College, Yinxing Hotel Management College of Chengdu University of Information Technology was transferred to Chengdu Xing Hotel Management College, Mingde College of Northwestern Polytechnical University was transferred to Xi ‘an Mingde Institute of Technology, and Xi ‘an University of North Information Technology was transferred to Xi ‘an Business School.

　　Hubei Daily News (Reporter arel, Wang Jing) On the afternoon of December 22, 2021, a review meeting was held for secretaries of party committees (party groups) in cities, prefectures and some units to grasp the work of grassroots party building. Ying Yong, secretary of the provincial party Committee, presided over the meeting and stressed that it is necessary to thoroughly study and implement the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, fully implement the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on party building, firmly establish the concept that doing a good job in party building is the greatest political achievement, compact the main responsibility of the party committee (party group) and the responsibility of the secretary as the first responsible person, strengthen the party building and the clear orientation at the grassroots level, and earnestly forge grassroots party organizations into strong fighting fortresses that demonstrate and drive the broad masses of cadres and people to adhere to the "two establishments" and achieve the "two maintenances".

　　Wang Zhonglin, deputy secretary of provincial party committee and governor, and provincial leaders Erkenjiang Tulahong, Wang Yanling, Li Rongcan, Hou Ximin, Guo Yuanqiang, Xu Zhengzhong, Xie Donghui, Dong Weimin and Ma Xuming attended the meeting. Relevant comrades of the Central Organization Department attended the meeting to give guidance.

　　At the meeting, the main responsible comrades of 14 city (state) party committees and provincial party committees in directly under the authority made on-site debriefing. Everyone put themselves in, put their work in, put their responsibilities in, sum up their achievements in a realistic way, seriously investigate the problems, and put forward practical and feasible improvement measures. Ying Yong made comments one by one. He pointed out that it is a fine tradition and important experience of our party to attach importance to the grassroots and strengthen the foundation. It is necessary to fully implement the general requirements of party building and the party’s organizational line in the new era, and promote the all-round progress of grassroots party organizations.

　　Ying Yong stressed that it is necessary to adhere to the "two establishment" and achieve "two maintenance" throughout the grassroots party building. It is necessary to regard Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era as the first, main and compulsory course in the study and training of cadres in party member, earnestly do a good job in the study of theoretical study centers of party committees (party groups) at all levels, and branch the theme Party Day, so as to promote the profound understanding, true faith and perseverance of party member in the province. It is necessary to give full play to the political leading role of grass-roots party organizations, promote the study and implementation of the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, and make adhering to the "two establishment" and "two maintenance" become the distinctive political character of the vast number of cadres in party member, Hubei, and an important background of Hubei’s political ecology.

　　Ying Yong pointed out that grass-roots party organizations are the "last mile" to implement the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee, and also the "first mile" to directly organize, mobilize and serve the masses. We must persist in taking the people as the center, always want to be with the masses, work together, be more emotional in contact services, pay more attention to publicity and education, and exert more efforts in organizational cohesion to solve the urgent problems of the masses. Grass-roots work is heavy and stressful, and grass-roots cadres are hard and not easy. We should pay more attention to and serve the grassroots, promote more resources and strength to sink and tilt the grassroots, and encourage and guide the grassroots cadres to exchange their "hard work index" for the "happiness index" of the people.

　　Ying Yong stressed that it is necessary to effectively transform the party’s political and organizational advantages into development advantages and governance efficiency, and promote the same frequency resonance between grassroots party building and central work. It is necessary to anchor the goal of "building a fulcrum, walking in the forefront, and writing a new chapter" and identify the starting point and focus of grassroots party building work. We should continue to answer the "required questions" for the modernization of provincial governance, deepen the party building to lead the urban and rural grassroots governance, promote the "global promotion and overall improvement" of urban grassroots party building, promote the "township promotion and county promotion" of rural grassroots party building, and do a good job in the second half of the village (community) "two committees". It is necessary to promote the upgrading of party building work from "tangible" coverage to "effective" coverage, and make overall plans to promote grassroots party building work in institutions, state-owned enterprises, universities, "two innovations" and institutions. It is necessary to explore new formats and new service modes for employment groups led by Party building, so that more young party member can find their "home belonging" and more young people can feel the warmth of the Party.

　　Ying Yong stressed that it is necessary to promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party to develop in depth and extend to the grassroots level, and continue to build a "good, honest and excellent" province. The party committee (party group) secretary should firmly take the main responsibility and promote the grass-roots party building responsibility system to be effective. The change of party committees in cities, counties and townships has been basically completed, and new teams at all levels should earnestly strengthen their own construction, maintain the state and style of "fighting for reality", run the relay race well and make new achievements. We must guard against formalism and bureaucracy and effectively reduce the burden on the grassroots. It is necessary to solidly promote the construction of a clean and honest Hubei, adhere to the main tone of "strictness" and strengthen daily education management, so that party member cadres can always maintain their political qualities of loyalty and cleanliness.

　　Secretary of the Party Committee of Tianmen City, Qianjiang City and Shennongjia Forest Area, the main responsible comrades of the Education Working Committee of the Provincial Party Committee, the Party Committee of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the Provincial Government, the "Two New" Working Committee of the Provincial Party Committee and the Party Group of the Provincial Health and Health Commission made written reports. Member of the leading group of Party building work of the provincial party committee, principal responsible comrades of party groups (party committees) of provincial units, party committee secretaries of enterprises and subordinate universities in Han Province, and representatives of grassroots party organizations attended the meeting. The comrades attending the meeting made a democratic evaluation of the debriefing.

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On March 8th, Women’s Day, I would like to take this opportunity to talk to you about Xia Peisu, the mother of computers in China. China’s first chip was named after her. Without her, China’s computer industry might be stagnant for 50 years.

The following is the text draft ▼

On July 28th, 1923, a baby girl was born in Chongqing. His father’s name is Xia Hongni. He used to run a school and run an industry in Jiangjin County, and his mother Huang Xiaoyong is the principal of Jiangjin Girls’ Primary School. Perhaps they want to train this child to be a serious scholar. They named this child Xia Peisu.

At this time of social unrest in China, during this period, many scholars are thinking of changing the status quo through change. No one can think that this baby girl will play an important role in the modernization of science and technology in China in the future. And won the title of the mother of computers in China.

Hello, everyone, I’m a bad reviewer. In today’s video, let’s talk about Xia Peisu and China’s computer industry, which was conceived by her.

The Historical Necessity of Computer Development

Why should we develop computers?

In 1946, a China mathematician with only junior high school education traveled across the ocean and came to the United States, the world science and technology center at that time. Although his education was not high, he was a visiting scholar at Princeton University in the United States. Even later.

He was also appointed as a researcher by the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. At that time, his colleagues included Einstein and von Neumann, who is now called the father of modern computers.

And his name is Hua Luogeng. This year happened to be the year when the world’s first electronic computer, ENIAC, was successfully developed. Von Neumann is one of the scientists who participated in the production of this computer. Thanks to his relationship with Von Neumann, he was fortunate to visit this most advanced electronic computer in the world at that time.

At that time, he was impressed by the advanced degree and calculation speed of this computer. As a mathematician, he deeply knew the importance of calculation speed to a country’s scientific and technological development. The idea of making our country’s own computer from now on

It took root in his mind.

Develop computers

On October 1st, 1949, New China was founded, and the domestic environment gradually stabilized. At this time, China urgently needs those talents who have studied abroad to return to build the country.

However, the newly-established New China is far behind foreign countries in terms of both economic conditions and scientific research conditions, so it is better to choose an excellent living and research environment or to devote ourselves to the journey of building the motherland without hesitation. This has always been a dilemma for overseas students.

Except Hua Luogeng.

He thinks that China has entered a new stage, and he wants to make contributions to China’s science and technology catching up with the world level. At the same time, he knows this matter well, and it needs talents from all disciplines to work together. So, when he returned to Hongkong, Hua Luogeng wrote an open letter to all students studying in China.

In the letter, he wrote: "Friends! We have been deeply restricted by immigration laws and discriminated against by skin color, which has not set a circle for us. Of course, some so-called "outstanding" individuals have jumped out of this circle and received special "grace" and "permission" and "naturalization", but if we think about it, our compatriots are being bullied and discriminated against, and if they are "appreciated" by individuals, they will be complacent. What kind of heart is this!

Friends! Liangyuan is good, but it’s not a hometown where you have lived for a long time.’ Come back and forth! "

Then in March 1950, Xinhua News Agency broadcast this open letter to the whole world. Many other overseas students are eager to serve the country, and Xia Peisu is one of them.

After Hua Luogeng returned to China, the idea of building a computer, which once only stayed in his mind, can be put into action. However, computer is a complex interdisciplinary subject, and it is impossible to do it only by knowing mathematics. He urgently needs talents who know something about electrical machinery and physics.

So Hua Luogeng found Min Naida, who was in Tsinghua University Telecom Network Research Office at that time, and Min Naida recommended two candidates to Hua Luogeng, Xia Peisu and Wang Chuanying, who had just returned from overseas.

From then on, these three people formed the first computer research group in China and started the development of the first computer in China. However, Min Naida later left because he needed to continue his mathematics works, while Wang Chuanying was assigned to the Soviet learning accelerator because he needed talents badly to develop the atomic bomb.

Of the three people in the initial group, only Xia Peisu was left.

Xia peisu’s life

Early school experience

Xia Peisu was born in 1923 when the society was in turmoil. After the Anti-Japanese War and the Civil War, she graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering of Central University in 1945.

According to her, the reason why I chose this major was simply that I was "interested in inductance".

In the next two years, Xia Peisu completed his postgraduate studies at the Institute of Telecommunications of Jiaotong University. In 1947, he studied in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, England, completed his doctorate in 1950, and returned to China the following year.

Later, at the invitation of Hua Luogeng, he began to study computers.

According to Xia Peisu, "The sofa, coffee table and table in Mr. Hua’s living room are all open books and periodicals. I think Mr. Hua is a scholar. Later, we sat down and talked. He asked about our education and experience. Willing to engage in computers; Of course I’d love to. Because I already knew something about computers when I was in England, knowing is a very promising subject. So if our country wants to do it, I am particularly willing to do it. So at that time, I expressed my willingness to go to Mr. Hua to develop electronic computers, and that’s how the work began. "

Take the lead in starting the computer business in China.

However, the task is coming, but how to start it has become a difficult problem. At that time, New China had just been established. Due to the severe blockade of China by western countries, not only scientific research funds were scarce, but also scientific research materials on computers were basically absent. Xia Peisu and others can only study while collecting domestic and foreign materials. They read a lot of foreign English periodicals and contact overseas students and ask them to collect some latest information about calculation.

When the materials were collected, Xia Peisu sorted and absorbed them and compiled them into handouts. There was even a training class with handouts to train computer talents, but they didn’t even have decent scientific research equipment except for the scarcity of information. During the Institute of Mathematics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xia Peisu and others had to collect experimental equipment everywhere in order to build a laboratory.

Xia Peisu once wrote in his memory: "At that time, everything in the experiment had to start from scratch. Wang Chuanying often went to the city with a small bag to buy radio components, electricity meters, wires and tools. Sometimes I even go to the thrift store to look for something useful. "

However, it is under such difficult conditions that the computer team has completed the design of arithmetic unit, controller and memory, laying the foundation for making general-purpose computers.

107 Computers and Their Contributions

However, although the domestic computer development work has started at this time, because the foundation is really weak, more technical support still comes from the Soviet Union.

In 1959, the computer team copied the prototype No.103 and No.104 by studying the M-3 and BESM-|| computers of the Soviet Union. But just as they were preparing to start developing applications for calculation, the relationship between China and the Soviet Union suddenly deteriorated rapidly, and the Soviet Union withdrew all the expert groups, instruments, equipment and materials in China. At this time, the international community generally believes that without the support of the Soviet Union, China’s computer industry will stop.

However, the computer industry in China has not stopped.

Things didn’t go as expected in western countries. Without the support of the Soviet Union, Xia Peisu and others decided to simply abandon the Soviet design and design our own computer in Chinese. Not long after, just two years later, the first general-purpose computer in China, which was designed by Xia Peisu himself and named 107, was successfully installed in the National Science and Technology University in Beijing.

This 107-tube digital computer occupies 6 cabinets, and uses a total of 1280 tubes, with a word length of 32 bits, a magnetic core storage capacity of 1024 bytes, a machine frequency of 625KHz, an average of 250 operations per second and a power consumption of 6000 watts. This machine can run about 100 programs, including checking programs, error diagnosis programs, and various applications.

At the beginning, all the bosses hand-coded the machine code and wrote these programs, which is the number 0101. It was not until later that I switched to assembler, and this 107 computer became the teaching ancestor of China computer industry.

At that time, the National University of Science and Technology compiled a lecture on computer principles and programming based on the 107 computer, which was used as a teaching material for computer specialty, mechanics department, automation department and geophysics. Until he retired in 107, there were 240 students majoring in computer science and 360 students from foreign departments who wrote their own programs to calculate problems on 107.

Besides teaching tasks, the 107 computer has also accepted some other units’ calculation tasks, such as tidal forecasting calculation, atomic reactor ray energy distribution calculation and so on. Even the first Ministry of Machinery Industry followed the drawing of 107. Another one was copied, which was specially used for ballistic calculation, which played an important role in the experiment of studying missiles and hydrogen bombs.

It can be said that the security of China today is inseparable from the contribution of Xia Peisu and the 107 computer she designed!

Inheritance of spirit

In addition to the development of computers, another thing that Xia Peisu is concerned about is teaching and educating people.

Since the 1960s, Xia Peisu began to train graduate students, and she has trained more than 60 graduate students. Among them, two won the National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation Award, and three won the China Youth Science and Technology Award. Xia Peisu believes that training graduate students is mainly to train talents for the country, not to help tutors complete scientific research tasks.

She firmly believes that it is absolutely impossible to develop the computer industry without new forces, and it is her duty to train talents for the computer industry. Han Chengde, the first master student trained by Xia Peisu in the 1960s, participated in the development of China’s first satellite ground measurement and control computer 717 at the end of the 1960s.

The 717 computer system is the first large-scale real-time engineering system developed by China. Li Guojie, a master student trained by Xia Peisu in 1970s, went abroad to study on Xia Peisu’s recommendation. After returning to China, he led a young team and used limited manpower and funds to successfully develop Shuguang series high-performance computers. Its performance and price are much better than those of the same type imported from China, breaking foreign monopoly and changing the embargo standards of foreign countries on high-performance computers in China. And Xia Peisu always thought

The research work must be very advanced. In the early 1990s, she clearly realized that the development and application of high-performance computers related to the overall strength of the country. While promoting related work, she suggested that the country should vigorously develop the design and manufacture of VLSI, otherwise it would be subject to people forever. And this very large scale integrated circuit

Let’s simply understand CPU now.

The last project of her scientific research work is Godson-1, which is the first chip with completely independent intellectual property rights in the real sense.

The person who led the team to lead this Loongson project was Xia Peisu’s student and now the father of Loongson-Hu Weiwu.

And this Loongson No.1 has another nickname, called Xia 50.

And was designed and printed on the metal layer of Godson I:

This name is to commemorate Xia Peisu’s 50 years of hard work in the computer industry. Since then, Xia Peisu has faded out of the scientific research field and enjoyed his life.

ending

On August 7, 2014, the 91-year-old Xia Lao died in Beijing due to illness and treatment. In the same year, in order to commemorate Xia Peisu’s outstanding contribution to China’s computer development, the China Computer Society specially set up the Xia Peisu Award, which was used to award female scientists and technicians who made outstanding contributions to promoting the computer industry in China. So far, nine outstanding women have won this honor.

In June 2021, Hu Weiwu, a student of Xia Peisu, recalled his teacher in an interview, "My teacher has a great influence on me in many places. For example, when she talked about scientific spirit, I gave my paper to my teacher, and my teacher corrected it for me for 8 months, making a total of 26 drafts. You can’t imagine how strict she is. She really teaches me to learn, but more importantly, she has feelings for the country. "

From this passage, we may get a glimpse of why students in Xia Lao always want to stick to the road of independent innovation.

It is with these rigorous patriotic scientists that China can continuously achieve one new breakthrough after another on the road of science and technology.

Director: Yang Zi Video Production: bilibili Bad Review Jun

Editor: Huan Yan (video) & Xuan Xuan (tweet)

References:

Xia Peisu and the establishment and development of computer science in China, on Xia Peisu’s contribution to computer science in China, No.6, Volume 34, Shanxi Science and Technology in 2019, a brief history of computer development in China, Science and Technology Herald, 2016,34 (14),

Xia Peisu, the mother of China computer,

Academician Xia Peisu, one of the founders of China computer,

Computer education in December 2003,

The computer pioneer who built modern China、BBC Future、

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Original title: The first computer developed by New China was designed by her. 》

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